A Coordenação Nacional de Docentes Forçados/as ao Regime de Contrato – NCFCT como movimento social no Marrocos
sindicalismo dos/das educadores/as e ativismo pela justiça social
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22420/rde.v20i1.2836Palavras-chave:
Sindicatos de docentes, Coordenação Nacional de Docentes Forçados/as ao Regime de Contrato, Docentes contratados/as, Justiça educacional, Justiça social, Ativismo, MarrocosResumo
Este artigo argumenta que a coordenação nacional de docentes contratados/as à força é um movimento de justiça social que vai além das demandas por melhores condições de emprego e justiça educacional por meio de escolas que as comunidades merecem, resistindo a filosofias que utilizam seu status relegado como exemplo de injustiças e hierarquias no Marrocos. Para compreender os esforços de organização dos/das educadores/as, foram feitas entrevistas aprofundadas com figuras importantes da Coordenação Nacional de Docentes Forçados/as ao Regime de Contrato – NCFCT para se desenvolver uma análise profunda sobre as razões, o funcionamento e os objetivos de seu ativismo. Também foram examinados registros públicos, incluindo comunicados à imprensa, relatórios internacionais, discursos de cidadãos/ãs e declarações de partes interessadas e acadêmicos/as para navegar pelas complexidades envolvidas na resistência de educadores/as às políticas educacionais neoliberais baseadas no mercado e seu ativismo em direção a uma sociedade mais igualitária. As conclusões revelaram que docentes mobilizaram seu ativismo para atender às complexidades políticas e socioeconômicas mais amplas do país por meio de estratégias, objetivos, demandas e formas de ativismo renovados, continuamente ajustados às pressões do Estado e às crescentes restrições à liberdade de expressão e manifestação.
Downloads
Referências
ABOUT EDUCATION INTERNATIONAL. March 26th, 2021. Morocco: Strikes and Demonstrations Demand better Conditions for Contract Teachers. https://www.ei-ie.org/en/item/23722:morocco-strikes-and-demonstrations-demand better-conditions-for-contract -teachers.
ABOUT EDUCATION INTERNATIONAL. June 16th, 2023. Morocco: Trade Unions Focus on Raising the Status of Teachers and Reforming the Education System. https:/ /www.ei-ie.org/en/item/27687:morocco-trade-unions-focus-on-raising the-status-of-teachers-and-reforming-the-education-system.
AFRICA NEWS. March 11th, 2022. Morocco: Suspended Sentence for more than 40 Teachers who Demonstrated without Permission. https://www.africanews.com/2022/03/11/morocco-suspended-sentence-for-more-than-40-teachers who-demonstrated-without-permission/.
ALRIDGE, D. 2020. "Teachers in the Movement: Pedagogy, Activism, and Freedom." History of Education Quarterly 60(1): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/heq.2020.6.
ALYAOUM. December 14th, 2021. About 86,000 Candidates Passed Teacher Recruitment by Contract Exams in 11 Regions..at least 6,000 were Absent. https://alyaoum24.com/1618811.html.
AMGHAR, A. 2022. "Neoliberalism and Education in the Developing World: The Case of Principal Leadership in Morocco." International Journal of Leadership in Education, https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2022.2117415.
ANOUAR, S. February 21st, 2022a. Moroccan Contractual Teachers To Protest in February, March. Morocco World News. https:/ /www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/02/347219/moroccan-contractual-teachers-to-protest-in- february-march.
ANOUAR, S. October 6th, 20226. Teachers' Day: Morocco Integrates Contract Teachers Into Public Sector. Morocco
WORLD NEWS. https:/ /www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/10/351711/teachers-day-morocco-integrates-contract teachers-into-public-sector.
APPLE, M. W. 2023. "On the Role of Teacher Unions in Social Justice." Educational Policy 37 (4): 1179-1188. https:// doi.org/10.l l 77/08959048211049418.
BATHMAKER, A. M., N. Ingram, J. Abrahams, A. Hoare, R. Waller, and H. Bradley. 2016. Higher Education, Social Class and Social Mobility: The Degree Generation. London: Palgrave Macmillan London.
BENESCH, S. 2020. "Emotions and Activism: English Language Teachers' Emotion Labor as Responses to Institutional Power." Critical Inquiry in Language Studies 17 (1): 26-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2020.1716194.
BOND, N., ed. 2022. The Power of Teacher Leaders: Their Roles, Influence, and Impact. 2nd ed. Routledge. https://doi. org/10.4324/9781003123972.
BOWDEN, C., and S. Galindo-Gonzalez. 2015. "Interviewing When You're not Face-to-Face: The use of Email Interviews in a Phenomenological Study." International Journal of Doctoral Studies 10: 79. https://doi.org/10. 28945/2104.
BRAUN, V., and V. Clarke. 2012. "Thematic Analysis." In APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology: Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological, edited by H. Cooper, 57-71. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
BROWN, P., D. Reay, and C. Vincent, eds. 2017. Education and Social Mobility. London: Routledge.
BUCKLE, J. L., S. C. Dwyer, and M. Jackson. 2010. "Qualitative Bereavement Research: Incongruity Between the Perspectives of Participants and Research Ethics Boards." International Journal of Social Research Methodology 13 (2): 111-125. https:/ /doi.org/10.1080/13645570902767918.
BUCKNER, E. 2018. "The Growth of Private Higher Education in North Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Morocco and Tunisia." Studies in Higher Education 43 (7): 1295-1306. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1250075.
CGTN Africa. June 16th, 2023. Moroccan Teachers Start New Protest Over Working Conditions. https://africa.cgtn. com/ moroccan-teachers-start-new-protest-over-working-conditions/.
CHARNEY, M., J. Hagopian, and B. Peterson, eds. 2021. Teacher Unions and Social Justice: Organizing for the Schools and Communities our Students Deserve. Wisconsin: Rethinking Schools.
COWEN, J., and K. 0. Strunk. 2014. How Do Teachers' Unions Influence Education Policy? What We Know and What We Need to Learn. Working Paper# 42. Education Policy Center at Michigan State University.
COWEN, J. M., and K. 0. Strunk. 2015. "The Impact of Teachers' Unions on Educational Outcomes: What we Knowand What we Need to Learn." Economics of Education Review 48: 208-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev. 2015.02.006.
DAHLIN, E. 2021. "Email Interviews: A Guide to Research Design and Implementation." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 20. https:/ /doi.org/10.l l 77/16094069211025453.
EL ATTAQ, A. December 2, 2021. "Education Minister Announces New Method to Regulate Teaching Profession." Morocco World News. https:/ /www.moroccoworldnews.com/202 l/ 12/345817/education-minister-announces new-method-to-regulate-teaching-profession.
EL ATTI, B. November 19th, 2021. Citizens Older than 30 Years no Longer Eligible for Teaching Positions in Public Schools. Hespress English. https:// en.hespress.com/30516-citizens-older-than-30-years-no-longer-eligible-for teaching-positions-in-public-schools.html.
EL HADAT 24. March 27th, 2019. Amzazi Announces the Dismissal of the Members of the National Coordination of Forcibly Contracted Teachers (NCFCT). https:/ /elhadat24.com/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2% D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%84-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8% A7%D8%Al-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A %D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3% D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B0/.
ELJECHTIMI, A. March 24th, 2019. Thousands of Moroccan Teachers Stage Protest Over Pay Terms. Reuters. https:// www.reuters.com/article/uk-morocco-protests-march-idUKKCNlRSOFC.
EL METMARI, M. May 15th, 2022. Moroccan Contractual Teachers: A Dilemma More Complex than We Thought. Medium. https://medium.com/@muhammadelmetmari/moroccan-contractual-teachers-a-dilemma more-complex-than-we-thought-a0cbd468e28.
FELAHI, Y. March 11th, 2022. Morocco's Contractual Teachers to Continue Protests. Hespress English. https://en. hespress.com/37953-moroccos-contractual-teachers-to-continue-protests.html.
FISCHER, E., and G. T. Guzel. 2023. "The Case for Qualitative Research." Journal of Consumer Psychology 33 (1): 259-272. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1300
GHANNAJ, A. November 14, 2023. Moroccan Teachers Unite in Nationwide Strikes to Protest Education System Reforms. Morocco World News. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/ l l/35895l/moroccan-teachers unite-in-nationwide-strikes-to-protest -education-system-reforms.
HAMID ELMAHDAOUY. 2023, November 13. Secrets and scandals of education in Morocco [Video]. YouTube. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHa2FBG8Xss.
HATCH, J. A. 2002. Doing Qualitative Research in Education Settings. New York: Suny Press.
HONG, J., and D. C. Francis. 2020. "Unpacking Complex Phenomena Through Qualitative Inquiry: The Case of Teacher Identity Research." Educational Psychologist 55 (4): 208-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2020.1783265.
IDRISSI, H., L. C. Engel, and Y. Benabderrazik. 2021. "New Visions for Citizen Formation: An Analysis of Citizenship Education Policy in Morocco." Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 16 (1): 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1746197919886279.
ISHIMARU, A. M., and S. Takahashi. 2017. "Disrupting Racialized Institutional Scripts: Toward Parent-Teacher Transformative Agency for Educational Justice." Peabody Journal of Education 92 (3): 343-362. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/0161956X.2017.1324660.
KALU, F. A., and J.C. Bwalya. 2017. "What Makes Qualitative Research Good Research? An Exploratory Analysis of Critical Elements." International Journal of Social Science Research 5 (2): 43-56. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v5i2. 10711
KASRAOUI, S. March 22nd, 2021. Morocco's Contractual Teachers: National Coordination Calls for 3-Day Strike. Morocco World News. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/202l/03/337871/moroccos-contractual-teachers national-coordination-calls-for-3-day-strike.
KHUMALO, S. S. 2021. "Perpetuating Social Injustice Through Neglecting the Voices of the Non-Unionized Teachers: An Analysis from the Rawlsian Perspective." In Research Anthology on Instilling Social Justice in the Classroom, edited by I. Management Association, 106-121. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-l-7998-7706-6.ch008.
KIGER, M. E., and L. Varpio. 2020. "Thematic Analysis of Qualitative Data: AMEE Guide No. 13l." Medical Teacher 42 (8): 846-854. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.l 755030.
MARIANNO, B. D. 2020. "Compared to What? Changes in Interest Group Resources and the Proposal and Adoption of State Teacher Policy." Policy Studies Journal 48 (4): 982-1022. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12345.
MARIANNO, B. D., A. A. Hemphill, A. P. S. Loures-Elias, L. Garcia, D. Cooper, and E. Coombes. 2022. "Power in a Pandemic: Teachers' Unions and Their Responses to School Reopening." ABRA Open 8. https://doi.org/10. 1177/23328584221074337.
MAUSETHAGEN, S., and L. Granlund. 2012. "Contested Discourses of Teacher Professionalism: Current Tensions Between Education Policy and Teachers' Union." Journal of Education Policy 27 (6): 815-833. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/02680939.2012.672656
MEANS, A. J. 2019. "Precarity and the Precaritization of Teaching." In Encyclopedia of Teacher Education, edited by M. Peters. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1179-6_117-l.
MOE, T. M. 2011. Special Interest: Teachers Unions and America's Public Schools. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
MUSTAPHA SWINGA. 2023, November 11. Public Education in Morocco: The End of the Teaching Profession? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dU9FxSgnOQA.
NIESZ, T. 2018. "When Teachers Become Activists." Phi Delta Kappan 99 (8): 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0031721718775674.
OUARDANI, I. December 7th, 2023. Were Unions Weakened by Teachers Coordination Committees Amid Education Crisis in Morocco?. Yabiladi. https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/144644/were-unions-weakened-teachers coordination.html.
PELL, B., D. Williams, R. Phillips, J. Sanders, A. Edwards, E. Choy, and A. Grant. 2020. "Using Visual Timelines in Telephone Interviews: Reflections and Lessons Learned from the Star Family Study." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 19: 1-11. https:/ /doi.org/10.ll77/1609406920913675.
PICOWER, B. 2012. "Teacher Activism: Enacting a Vision for Social Justice." Equity & Excellence in Education 45 (4): 561-574. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2012.717848.
QUAN, T., C. A. Bracho, L. Wilkerson, and M. Clark. 2019. "Empowerment and Transformation: Integrating Teacher Identity, Activism, and Criticality Across Three Teacher Education Programs." Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies 41 (4-5): 218-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2019.1684162.
R'BOUL, H. 2022a. "English Medium Instruction in Moroccan Universities: Implications for Multilingualism, Linguistic Dependency and Epistemic Justice." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, https:// doi.org/10.1080/0 l 434632.2022.2069250.
R'BOUL, H. 2022b. "ELT in Morocco: Postcolonial Struggles, Linguistic Imperialism and Neoliberal Tendencies." In Neoliberalization of English Language Policy in the Global South, edited by A. Jalalian Daghigh, J. Mohd Jan, and S. Kaur, 73-88. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92353-2_5.
RYAN, H. 2017. Educational justice: Teaching and Organizing Against the Corporate Juggernaut. New York: NYU Press.
SALIME, Z. May 2nd, 2019. Precarious Teachers Strike for Public Education in Morocco. Middle East Report Online.https://merip.org/20l9/05/precarious-teachers-strike-for-public-education-in-morocco/.
SALTER, L.A., and S. Phelan. 2017. "The Morality and Political Antagonisms of Neoliberal Discourse: Campbell Brown and the Corporatization of Educational Justice." International Journal of Communication 11: 21.
SHEN, J., H. Wu, P. Reeves, Y. Zheng, L. Ryan, and D. Anderson. 2020. "The Association Between Teacher Leadership and Student Achievement: A Meta-Analysis." Educational Research Review 31: 100357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. edurev.2020.100357
STOVALL, D. 2013. "Against the Politics of Desperation: Educational Justice, Critical Race Theory, and Chicago School Reform." Critical Studies in Education 54 (1): 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2013.739192.
TERRY, G., N. Hayfield, V. Clarke, and V. Braun. 2017. "Thematic Analysis." The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology 2: 17-37. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526405555.n2
WARREN, M. R. 2014. "Transforming Public Education: The Need for an Educational Justice Movement." NewEngland Journal of Public Policy 26 (1): 1-16.
WARREN, M. R., and D. Goodman. 2018. Lift Us up, Don't Push Us out!: Voices from the Front Lines of the Educational justice Movement. Boston: Beacon Press.
WEINER, L. 2012. The Future of our Schools: Teachers Unions and Social Justice. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
ZOUITEN, S. March 3rd, 2022. Contractual Teachers' Protest in Rabat Descends Into Violence.Morocco World News. https:// www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/03/347423/contractual-teachers-protest-in-rabat-descends-into-violence.