“Contra a imposição, defendemos a educação”
os movimentos docentes contra a austeridade e as reformas neoconservadoras no contexto espanhol
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22420/rde.v20i1.2825Keywords:
Movimento social, Análise de enquadramento, Neoliberalismo, Reforma educacional, Medidas de austeridadeAbstract
Entre 2011 e 2015, no rastro da crise financeira global, a Espanha passou por medidas de austeridade severas que levaram à agitação social e ao surgimento de novas formas de ação coletiva. No campo educacional, sindicatos docentes e movimentos ativistas se organizaram contra as políticas neoliberais e neoconservadoras que o governo central e vários governos regionais promoviam. O caso da Assembleia Docente das Ilhas Baleares é de relevância particular, pois constituiu uma experiência de protesto altamente bem-sucedida que desencadeou uma mobilização social sem precedentes e com amplo apoio popular. Com base em teorias dos movimentos sociais e combinando entrevistas semiestruturadas com análise documental e da imprensa, este estudo conclui que a combinação entre construção de alianças, ações coletivas disruptivas e processos de enquadramento foi fundamental para explicar o sucesso da mobilização social.
Downloads
References
AICART, Iñaki, and Guillem Barceló. 2023. “De proposta minoritària a moviment de masses: així es bastí la vaga indefinida de docents fa deu anys.” In Anuari de l’Educació de les Illes Balears, edited by Joan Amer Fernàndez. Palma: Editorial Colonya and UIB.
APPLE, Michael W. 2006. Educating the Right Way: Markets, Standards, God, and Inequality. New York: Routledge.
ASSEMBLEA DE DOCENTS. 13/09/2013. Plataforma reivindicativa de l’Assemblea de Docents https://assembleadocentsib.-blogspot.com/2013/09/plataforma-reinvindicativa-de.html
BARRANCO, O., and L. Parcerisa. 2020. “Yes, It Is Possible! Framing Processes and Social Resonance of Spain’s Anti- eviction Movement.” Catalan journal of communication & cultural studies 12 (1): 37–57. https://doi.org/10.1386/ cjcs_00013_1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00013_1
BEACH, D., and R. B. Pedersen. 2013. Process-Tracing Methods: Foundations and Guidelines. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.2556282
BEAMISH, T. D., and A. J. Luebbers. 2009. “Alliance Building across Social Movements: Bridging Difference in a Peace and Justice Coalition.” Social Problems 56 (4): 647–676. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.647. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.647
BENFORD, R. D., and D. A. Snow. 2000. “Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Asssessment.” Annual Review of Sociology 26 (1): 611–639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
BONAL, X., M. Pagès, A. Verger, and A. Zancajo. 2023. “Regional Policy Trajectories in the Spanish Education System: Different Uses of Relative Autonomy.” Education Policy Analysis Archives 31 (68): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.14507/ epaa.31.8031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.31.8031
CARVALHO, T. 2022. Contesting austerity: Social movements and the left in Portugal and Spain (2008-2015). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048552498
DELLA PORTA, D., and M. Diani. 2006. Social Movements: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Della Porta, D., and A. Mattoni. 2014. Spreading Protest. Social Movements in Times of Crisis. Colchester: ECPR Press. Deterding, N. M., and M. C. Waters. 2021. “Flexible Coding of In-depth Interviews: A Twenty-first-century Approach.” Sociological Methods & Research 50 (2): 708–739. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124118799377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124118799377
DE WEERDT, J., and M. Garcia. 2016. “Housing Crisis: the Platform of Mortgage Victims (PAH) Movement in Barcelona and Innovations in Governance.” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 31 (3): 471–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-015-9465-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-015-9465-2
EUROPEAN COMMITEE OF THE REGIONS. 01/04/2024. “Divisions of Powers: Spain.” https://portal.cor.europa.eu/ divisionpowers/Pages/Spain-intro.aspx.
FLESHER FOMINAYA, C. 2015. “Debunking Spontaneity: Spain’s 15-M/Indignados as Autonomous Movement.” Social Movement Studies 14 (2): 142–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2014.945075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2014.945075
GUERRERO, M. 2015. Els tentacles de les tenebres: un govern contra l’escola. Palma: Lleonard Muntaner.
HAY, C. 2002. Political Analysis. A Critical Introduction. New York: Palgrave. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-62911-0
KITSCHELT, H. P. 1986. “Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-nuclear Movements in Four Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 16 (1): 57–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712340000380X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712340000380X
MARTÍNEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, F. M. 2019. “‘Making a Stand’ against Neoliberalism: Connections between Critical Pedagogy and the ‘Green Tides’ Movement for State Education in Spain.” Cultural Studies 19 (5): 360–372. https://doi. org/10.1177/153270861880911. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708618809119
MCADAM, D. 1996. “Political Opportunities: Conceptual Origins, Current Problems, Future Directions.” In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, edited by D. McAdam, J. McCarthy, and M. Zald, 23–40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803987.003
MOORE, W. H. 1995. “Rational Rebels: Overcoming the Free-rider Problem.” Political Research Quarterly 48 (2): 417–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299504800211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299504800211
NARODOWSKI, M., M. Moschetti, and S. Alegre. 2016. “Huelgas docentes y educación privada en Argentina.” Revista Colombiana de Educación (70): 27–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17227/01203916.70rce27.45
PARCERISA, L., J. Collet-Sabé, and C. Villalobos. 2023. “The (im)possibilities of an ideal education reform. Discourses, alliances and construction of alternatives of the Rosa Sensat movement in Catalonia.” Journal of Educational Administration and History 55 (3): 290–306. http://doi.org/10.1080/00220620.2022.2153813. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220620.2022.2153813
PATTON, M. Q. 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. London: SAGE.
PORTOS, M. 2016. “Taking to the Streets in the Context of Austerity: A Chronology of the Cycle of Protests in Spain, 2007-2015.” Partecipazione e conflitto 9:181–210. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609.
RIBERA-ALMANDOZ, O., and M. Clua-Losada. 2021. “Health Movements in the Age of Austerity: Rescaling Resistance in Spain and the United Kingdom.” Critical Public Health 31 (2): 182–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2020. 1856333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2020.1856333
ROMANOS, E., J. Sola, and C. Rendueles. 2023. “The Political Economy of the Spanish Indignados: Political Opportunities, Social Conflicts, and Democratizing Impacts.” Social Movement Studies 22 (3): 438–457. https:// doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2022.2061940. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2022.2061940
SHIFFMAN, J., and S. Smith. 2007. “Generation of Political Priority for Global Health Initiatives: A Framework and Case Study of Maternal Mortality.” The Lancet 370 (9595): 1370–1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736 (07)61579-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61579-7
SNOW, David A., and R. D. Benford. 1988. “Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization.” International Social Movement Research 1:197–217.
SNOW, David A., E. B. Rochford Jr, S. K. Worden, and R. D. Benford. 1986. “Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation.” American Sociological Review 51 (4): 464–481. https://doi. org/10.2307/2095581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2095581
STOLEROFF, A. 2013. “Employment Relations and Unions in Public Administration in Portugal and Spain: From Reform to Austerity.” European Journal of Industrial Relations 19 (4): 309–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0959680113505033. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680113505033
TARROW, S. 2022. Power in Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
VERGER, A., C. Fontdevila, and A. Zancajo. 2016. The Privatization of Education: A Political Economy of Global Education Reform. New York: Teachers College Press.
VERGER, A, and M. Novelli. 2012. Campaigning for “Education for All”: Histories, Strategies and Outcomes of Transnational Advocacy Coalitions in Education. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-879-7
VERGER, A, M. Prieto, M. Pagès, and P. Villamor. 2020. “Common Standards, Different Stakes: A Comparative and Multi-scalar Analysis of Accountability Reforms in the Spanish Education Context.” European Educational Research Journal 19 (2): 142–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904118785556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904118785556
