Os sindicatos da educação e do trabalho de Gana unem-se a organizações da sociedade civil para enfrentar o FMI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22420/rde.v20i1.2833Palavras-chave:
Greves docentes, Sindicatos, Reestruturação da dívida, Austeridade, Macroeconomia, FMIResumo
Este artigo explica como uma série de greves de educadores/as em Gana, em 2022, levou a uma maior conscientização e a reivindicações de justiça tributária e remissão da dívida externa por parte de um movimento crescente de trabalhadores/as do setor público e de organizações da sociedade civil. Mapeamos como as questões e reivindicações dos sindicatos docentes e de outros/as trabalhadores/as do setor público se transformaram e se ampliaram ao longo do tempo, trazendo um novo imaginário público para criticar políticas de austeridade impulsionadas pelo FMI, construir e se conectar a campanhas globais pela remissão das dívidas e apontar novas possibilidades para geração de receitas fiscais nacionais com estabilidade no setor público. Analisamos a evolução das estratégias das greves de educadores/as e mostramos como os sindicatos estão se unindo a outras organizações da sociedade civil e grupos de pressão para enfrentar políticas governamentais de austeridade fiscal que afetam não apenas suas escolas e salas de aula, mas também suas vidas e meios de subsistência. Este estudo de caso, que descreve o que os sindicatos docentes ganeses estão fazendo para mobilizar membros a fim de aprender mais sobre e contestar políticas de austeridade, destaca a importância do conhecimento entre trabalhadores/as do setor público, sua compreensão e seu engajamento com políticas macroeconômicas governamentais, além da proposição de soluções alternativas.
Downloads
Referências
ACTION AID. 2023. "Ghanaian Civil Society Call on Private Lenders to Cancel External Debt." ActionAid Ghana. Accessed July 16, 2023. https:/ /ghana.actionaid.org/news/2023/ghanaian-civil-society-call-private-lenders cancel-external-debt.
ACTION AID USA. 2023. "On the Launch of the Santiago Declaration for Public Services, ActionAid Joins Hundreds of Organizations to Demand 'Our Future is Public'-ActionAid USA News." ActionAid USA. Accessed January 12, 2024. https://www.actionaidusa.org/news/on-the-launch-of-the-santiago-declaration-for-public-services actionaid-joins-hundreds-of-organizations-to-demand-our-future-is-public/.
AFRICAN DEPT. 2024. Statement by Mr. Bijani and Mr. Akosah on Ghana January 19, 2024. IMF Staff Country Reports, 2024(030), A005. Retrieved Feb 22, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400266768.002.A00S.
AFRICAN FORUM AND NETWORK ON DEBT AND DEVELOPMENT. 2023. "Ghana is in Debt Crisis! And it is Right to Default until Creditors Agree to Cancel Enough Debt to Make It Sustainable. - AFRODAD." Accessed July 16, 2023. https://afrodad.org/ ghana-needs-debt-cancellation-and-is-right-to-default-until-creditors-agree/.
AKORLIE, C. 2022. "Crisis-hit Ghana Changes its Mind and Turns to IMF for Help." Reuters. Accessed July 16, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/crisis-hit-ghana-changes-its-mind-turns-imf-help-2022-07-01/.
AL JAZEERA. 2022. "IMF Agrees to Ghana $3bn Debt Bailout. IMF Agrees to Ghana $3bn Debt Bailout." Aijazeera. Accessed October 21, 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/l2/13/imf-agrees-to-ghana-3bn-debt bailout.
AMOAKO, S. 2014. "Black Board Struggles: Teacher Unionism Under the 'Democratic' Rawlings Regime 1992-2000." Ghana Studies 17 (1): 7-38. https://doi.org/10.3368/gs.17.l.7.
AMPAABENG. 2023, December 22. National Forum Calls for Fairer, More Collaborative Tax Policies. Business and Financial Times online. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
ANTWI, Prince. 2022. "NLC Threatens to Take UTAG Back to Court." The Ghana Guardian News. Accessed July 16, 2023. https://ghanaguardian.com/ nlc-threatens-to-take-utag-back-to-court.
ARCHER, D. 2022, June 24. "Transforming the Financing of Education." ActionAid International. Accessed July 14, 2023. https://actionaid.org/opinions/2022/transforming-financing-education.
ARCHER, D., and R. Saalbrink. 2021. "The Public Versus Austerity: Why Public Sector Wage Bill Constraints Must End." ActionAid International. Accessed July 14, 2023. https://actionaid.org/publications/2021/public-versus austerity-why-public-sector-wage-bill-constraints-must-end.
AWAI, Mohammed. 2023. "Pay Attention to External Debt to Lessen DDEP Burden - Experts to Gov't." The Business & Financial Times. Accessed July 13, 2023. https://thebftonline.com/2023/01/26/government-debt-exchange/.
BAKER, B. D., D. Farrie, and D. G. Sciarra. 2016. "Mind the Gap: 20 Years of Progress and Retrenchment in School Funding and Achievement Gaps." ETS Research Report Series 2016 (1): 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1002/ets2.12098.
BOATENG, B. 2023. "Coalition of Concerned Teachers-Ghana is Changing Its Name." May 24. Accessed January 13, 2024 from https://bricyboateng.com/coalition-of-concerned-teachers-ghana-is-changing-its-name/.
BUSINESS GHANA. 2023a. "Private Lenders Urged to Cancel Ghana's External Debt." Business Ghana. Accessed July 16, 2023. https:/ /www.businessghana.com/.
BUSINESS GHANA. 2023b. "CSOs Call on Private Lenders to Cancel External Debt." Business Ghana. Accessed July 16, 2023. https:/ /www.businessghana.com/.
CENTRAL SECURITIES DEPOSITORY. 2023. "Ghana DDE Pension Funds Exchange Memorandum 31 7 2023 Final." Accessed November 16, 2023. https://www.csd.com.gh/dde.
CHOW, H. 2023. BBC World News, January 26, 2023. Accessed July 13, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= 14vA6SYwqPg.
DEBT JUSTICE. 2022. "Ghana Needs Debt Cancellation, Not Private Lender Bailout." Debt Justice (blog). Accessed October 20, 2023. https://debtjustice.org.uk/blog/the-paris-summit-progress-or-procrastination-in-the-fight-for debt-cancellation.
DEBT JUSTICE. 2023. "Ghanaian Civil Society Call on Private Lenders to Cancel External Debt." Debt Justice. Accessed July 14, 2023. https:/ /debtjustice.org.uk/blog/the-paris-summit-progress-or-procrastination-in-the-fight-for debt-cancellation.
DOWNES, A. S. 1992. The Impact of Structural Adjustment Policies on the Education System in the Caribbean. Accessed January 14, 2024. https://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu.
EDUCANDGHANA. 2022. "Teachers Strike: Here are Their Demands I EGHN." Educandghana. November 8, 2022. Accessed July 10, 2023. https://educandghana.net/teachers-strike-here-are-their-demands/.
EI (Education International). 2015. Teachers Assessing Education for All - Perspectives from the Classroom. Brussels: Education International.
EI (Education International) and ActionAid. 2009. Toolkit on Education financing. Johannesburg: Education International: Brussels and ActionAid.
THE FINANCIAL EXPRESS. 2022. "Debt-laden African Countries Charged 'Extortionate' Rates, UN Chief Says." The Financial Express. Accessed October 16, 2023. https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/world/africa/debt-laden african-countries-charged-extortionate-rates-un-chief-says.
GHANA BUSINESS NEWS. 2022. "NAGRAT Warns of Strike Over Cost of Living Allowance." Ghana Business News. Accessed July 13, 2023. https:/ /www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2022/06/25/nagrat-warns-of-strike-over-cost-of living-allowance/.
GHANAIAN TIMES. 2022. "Health Sector Workers to Join Labour Unions Indefinite Strike on Dec 27." Ghanaian Times, December 22. Accessed July 15, 2023. https://www.ghanaiantimes.eom.gh/health-sector-workers-to-join-labour unions-indefinite-strike-on-dec-27/.
GHANA NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEACHERS. 2023. Welcome. Accra: Ghana National Association of Teachers. Accessed November 26, 2023 from https://www.ghanateachers.com/.
GHANA NEWS. 2023. "Government Debt Exchange." Ghana Latest News, January 26. Accessed July 13, 2023. https:// ghananewss.com/government-debt-exchange/.
HICKEL, Jason. 2017. "Aid in Reverse: How Poor Countries Develop Rich Countries." The Guardian, January 14. Accessed November 17, 2023. https:/ /www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/ jan/14/aid-in-reverse-how-poor-countries-develop-rich-countries.
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON FINANCING. 2016. Spending Better, Smarter and More Equitably: Teachers Call for Action on Resource Effectiveness and Transparency. Global Education Opportunity Component 2_Spending Better_Draft REport March 16, 2016. Education International.
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. 2023. "Ghana: Request for an Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Ghana." Country Report No. 2023/168. WASHINTON, DC: International Monetary Fund. Accessed July 10, 2023. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/ CR/Issues/2023/05/ l 7/Ghana-Request-for-an-Arrangement-Under-the-Extended-Credit-Facility- Press-Release Staff-533541.
KLEES, S. J. 2008. "A Quarter Century ofNeoliberal Thinking in Education: Misleading Analyses and Failed Policies." Globalisation, Societies and Education 6 (4): 311-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/ l 4767720802506672.
ODONKOR, Naa Shomei. 2022. "Yield to Teacher Unions' Demand on GES Director-General - Students." Ghana News Agency. Accessed July 10, 2023. https:/ /gna.org.gh/2022/11/yield-to-teacher-unions-demand-on-ges-director general-students/.
OFORI, I. 2020. "Teacher Unionism: The Lost of Trust and Possible Alternative (s)." All Teachers Alliance Ghana.
ACCESSED NOVEMBER 26 2023. https:/ /atag.org.gh/teacher-unionism-the-lost-of-trust-and-possible-alternatives/. Owusu, Jesse. 2022. "Teacher Unions/ Employment Ministry Meeting Inconclusive, Strike Continues." Ghana News
AGENCY. Accessed July 15, 2023. https://gna.org.gh/2022/11/teacher-unions-employment-ministry-meeting inconclusive-strike-continues/.
PARAVICINI, Giulia. 2023. "Security and Food Crises Expected to Dominate African Union Summit." Reuters. Accessed July 10, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/security-food-crises-expected-dominate-african-union summit-2023-02-17I.
PUBLIC SERVICES INTERNATIONAL. 2023. "New Report Exposes the Extent ofIMF's 'Pink Washing'." Accessed November 16, 2023 from https:/ /publicservices.international/resources/publications/new-report-exposes-the-extent-of-imfs pink-washing?id= l 3398&lang=en.
REUTERS. 2023. "Ghana-Based Aid and Advocacy Groups Call for Debt Cancellation Amid Crisis." Reuters. October 21, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/ghana-based-aid-advocacy-groups-call-debt-cancellation-amid crisis-2023-01-18/.
ROSCOE, Phillip. 2020. "How the Shadow of Slavery Still Hangs Over Global Finance." The Conversation. August 21, 2020. https:/ /theconversation.com/how-the-shadow-of-slavery-still-hangs-over-global-finance-144826.
SANTIAGO DECLARATION. 2022, December 2. Our Future is Public: The Santiago Declaration on Public Services. Retrieved at https://peopleoverprof.it/resources/news/our-future-is-public-santiago-declaration-on-public-services? id=l3578&lang=en.
SINGH, Tanupriya. 2022. "Ghana's Unions and Left Reject Bailout Talks with the IMF as Economic Crisis Spirals." Portside. Accessed October 21, 2023. https://portside.org/2022-07-21/ghanas-unions-and-left-reject-bailout talks-imf-economic-crisis-spirals.
SPREEN, C. A. 2023. The Global Education Reform Movement and Teacher Struggles Against Neoliberalism. Bahia:
GESTRADO Research Institute, December 2023.Invited keynote: unpublished.
STARK, L., and C. A. Spreen. 2020. "Global Educator Movements: Teacher Struggles Against Neoliberalism and for Democracy and Justice." In Strike: Fighting for the Future of Public Education, edited by Rebecca Kolins Givan and Amy Schrager Lang, 63. University of Michigan Press.
