Teorizando novos potenciais para o ativismo docente
as respostas dos sindicatos e grupos ativistas de base aos planos de reabertura das escolas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Canadá
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22420/rde.v20i1.2822Palavras-chave:
Ativismo docente, Sindicatos docentes, Pós-estruturalismo, Teoria do Agenciamento, Teoria dos Afetos, NeoliberalismoResumo
Com base em teorias pós-estruturalistas, este artigo explora os discursos públicos de diversos sindicatos e grupos de ativistas docentes de base em torno dos planos de reabertura das escolas do Canadá durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Nosso objetivo é destacar como essas duas forças do ativismo docente podem se influenciar e impactar mutuamente, criando uma outra possibilidade de futuro para a resistência coletiva ao neoliberalismo na educação — um agenciamento formado pelo ativismo sindical e de base, intra-agindo, se moldando e se transformando reciprocamente.
Downloads
Referências
AHMED, Sara. 2004. "Affective Economies." Social Text 22 (2): 117-139. https://bit.ly/37KqPRX Ahmed, Sara. 2014. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
ALBERTA EDUCATION. 2015. "Alberta Teacher Workload Study." https://education.alberta.ca/media/3114984/teacher workload-study-final-report-december-2015-2.pdf.
ALBERTA TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION. 2020. "Teaching in a Pandemic: Lessons Learned in Alberta." Twitter, June 11, 2020, 12:15 p.m. https://twitter.com/albertateachers/status/127 l l 439133 l 5844098?lang=en
APPLE, Michael W. 2011. "Global Crises, Social Justice, and Teacher Education." Journal of Teacher Education 62 (2): 222-234. https://doi.org/10.l l 77/0022487110385428.
ASSELIN, Chloe. 2019. "Tensions, Dilemmas, and Radical Possibility in Democratizing Teacher Unions: Stories of Two Social Justice Caucuses in New York City and Philadelphia." PhD diss., University of New York.
BAHRI, Mohammad T., and Derajad S. Widhyharto. 2021. "Twitter Based Digital Social Movement Pattern to Fight
COVID-19." Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 25 (2): 95-112. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4261468
BANGS, John, and David Frost. 2012. Teacher Self Efficacy, Voice and Leadership: Towards a Policy Framework for Education International. Education International Research Institute. https:/ /download.ei-ie.org/Docs/ WebDepot/ teacher_self-efficacy_voice_leadership.pdf.
BANGS, John, and John MacBeath. 2012. "Collective Leadership: The Role of Teacher Unions in Encouraging Teachers to Take the Lead in Their Own Learning and in Teacher Policy." Professional Development in Education 38 (2): 331-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2012.657879.
BASCIA, Nina. 1998. "Women Teachers, Union Affiliation, and the Future of North American Teacher Unionism." Teaching and Teacher Education 14 (5): 551-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(98)00005-5
BASCIA, Nina. 2009. "Pushing on the Paradigm: Research on Teachers' Organizations as Policy Actors." In Handbook of Education Policy Research, edited by Gary Sykes, Barbara Schneider, and David N. Plank, 795-782. New York, NY: Routledge.
BASCIA, Nina. 2015. "Perspectives on Teacher Unions: History, Discourse, and Renewal." In Teacher Unions in Public Education: Politics, History, and the Future, edited by Nina Bascia, 1-10. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
BASCIA, Nina. 2019. "Canadian Teacher Unions' Responses to Reform." Revue Internationale d'education de Sevres, [Online]. https://doi.org/10.4000/ries.7267.
BASCIA, Nina. 2023. Teachers' Work During the Pandemic. New York, NY: Routledge.
BASCIA, Nina, and Howard Stevenson. 2017. "Organising Teaching: Developing the Power of the Profession." Education International 1-7 4. https://bit.ly/3CIPViz.
BHONAGIRI, Aditi. 2016. Social Movements: Topic Guide. Birmingham: GSDRC, University of Birmingham. https:// gsdrc.org/wp-content/uploads/20l 7/03/SocialMovements.pdf.
BOWEN, Glenn A. 2009. "Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method." Qualitative Research Journal 9 (2): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027.
BRICKNER, Rachel K. 2016. "Tweeting Care: Educators' Dissent Through Social Media in the US and Canada." Labour/ Le Travail 77 (1): 11-36. https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/llt/2016-v77-llt02503/l 036392ar/.
BRUNS, Axel, Tim Highfield, and Jean Burgess. 2013. "The Arab Spring and Social Media Audiences: English and Arabic Twitter Users and Their Networks." American Behavioral Scientist 57 (7): 871-898. https://doi.org/10. 1177/0002764213479374.
CANTILLON, Sara, and Kathleen Lynch. 2017. "Affective Equality: Love Matters." Hypatia 32 (1): 169-186. https://doi. org/10.1111/hypa.12305.
CARL, Nicole, Amanda Jones-Layman, and Rand Quinn. 2022. "Taking Back Teaching: The Professionalization Work of Teacher Activist Organizations." Journal of Teacher Education 73 (3): 314-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 00224871211070778.
CASTELLS, Manuel. 2015. Networks of Outrage And Hope: Social Movements In The Internet Age. 2nd Ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
CVETKOVICH, Ann. 2012. Depression: A Public Feeling. Durham, NC: Duke University Press Books.
DELANDA, Manuel. 2006. A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity. London, UK: Continuum.
DELEUZE, Gilles, and Felix Guattari. 1987. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing.
DIANI, Mario. 2000. "Simmel to Rokkan and Beyond: Towards a Network Theory of (New) Social Movements." European Journal of Social Theory 3 (4): 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310022224868.
ELLSWORTH, Elizabeth. 1989. "Why Doesn't This Feel Empowering? Working Through the Repressive Myths of Critical Pedagogy." Harvard Educational Review 59 (3): 297-324. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.59.3.058342114k266250
EYERMAN, Ron. 2006. "Performing Opposition or, How Social Movements Move." In Social Performance: Symbolic Action, Cultural Pragmatics, and Ritual, edited by Jeffrey C. Alexander, Alexander Bernhard, and Jason L. Mast, 193-217. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
FOMINAYA, Cristina. 2014. Social Movements and Globalization: How Protests, Occupations, And Uprisings Are Changing the World. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
FROESE-GERMAIN, Bernie. 2014. "Work-life Balance and the Canadian Teaching Profession." Canadian Teachers' Federation. https:/ /files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED546884.pdf.
FULLAN, Michael. 2021. "The Right Drivers for Whole System Success." Centre for Strategic Education. https:// michaelfullan.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Fullan-CSE-Leading-Education-Series-01-2021R2-compressed. pdf.
GILLILAND, Alison. 2018. "Young Teacher Activists' Views and Experiences oflnvolvement, Voice, and Agency in their Union and its Influences on their Concept of Professionalism." PhD diss. The University of Nottingham.
GIROUX, Henry A. 2014. "When Schools Become Dead Zones of the Imagination: A Critical Pedagogy Manifesto." Policy Futures in Education 12 (4): 491-499. https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2014.12.4.491.
GOULD, Deborah B. 2009. Moving Politics. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
GOULD, Deborah, Rory Barron, Brittany Frodge, and Robby Hardesty. 2019. "Affect and Activism: An Interview with Deborah Gould." disClosure: A Journal of Social Theory 28 (12): 95-108. https://doi.org/10.13023/disclosure.28.08. Grossman, Frank D. 2010. "Dissent from Within: How Educational Insiders Use Protest to Create Policy Change." Educational Policy 24 (4): 655-686. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904809335110.
HARDING, Jennifer, Jessica Pauszek, Nick Pollard, and Steve Parks. 2018. "Alliances, Assemblages, and Affects: Three Moments of Building Collective Working-Class Literacies." College Composition and Communication 70 (1): 6-29. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26772543
HILL, Marc L. 2018. "Thank you, Black Twitter: State Violence, Digital Counterpublics, and Pedagogies of Resistance." Urban Education 53 (2): 286-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085917747124.
HOLINATY, Carla. 2020. "Sask. Teachers and Kids Deserve Better Than This Back to School Plan." CBC Sask Opinion, August 6, 2020. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/holinaty-op-ed-school-reopening-1.5677137.
HORN, Brian. 2014. "Moments or a Movement? Teacher Resistance to Neoliberal Education Reform." Forum (Chicago, Ill) 56 (2): 277-286. https://doi.org/10.2304/forum.2014.56.2.277
JACKSON, Alecia Y., and Lisa Mazzei. 2012. Thinking with Theory in Qualitative Research: Viewing Data Across Multiple Perspectives. London, UK: Routledge.
JOHNS, Amelia, and Niki Cheong. 2019. "Feeling the Chill: Bersih 2.0, State Censorship, and "Networked Affect" on Malaysian Social Media 2012-2018." Social Media+ Society 5 (2): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.l l 77/205630511882180.
JONES, Denisha, Deena Khalil, and R. Davis Dixon. 2017. "Teacher-Advocates Respond to ESSA: "Support the Good Parts-Resist the Bad Parts"." Peabody Journal of Education 92 (4): 445-465. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2017.1349479.
KAPOOR, A. 2020, June 4. "Centering Equity in Remote Learning". OISE Online. https://teachingonline.oise.utoronto. ca/centering-equity-in-remote-learning/.
KEEP SASKATCHEWAN KIDS SAFE. 2020. "Hello @CTFFCE! Today is a National Day of Action and Solidarity to Demand Safer School Reopening Plans for ALL CANADIANS." Twitter, August 26, 2020. https://twitter.com/ keepskkidssafe/status/1298630018524835841.
KEIL, Trudy, and Pamela Osmond-Johnson. 2022. "The Power of Affect: Teacher Activism as Resistance to Neoliberalism in Saskatchewan." Alberta Journal of Educational Research 68 (4): 537-560. https://doi.org/10. l 1575/ajer.v68i4.74586.
KEIL, Trudy, and Pamela Osmond-Johnson. Forthcoming. "Teacher Professionalism in a Neoliberal World." In Queering Professionalism: Problems, Potentials, and Possibilities in Neoliberal Times, edited by Adam Davies, and Cameron Greensmith. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
LAWTON, Stephen, George Bedard, Duncan MacLellan, and Xiaobin Li. 1999. Teachers' Unions in Canada. Edmonton, AB: Brush Publishing.
MAHARAJ, Sachin. 2015. "Why Teacher Unions are Good for Education." Toronto Star, June 23, 2015. www.thestar. com/opinion/commentary/2015/06/23/why-teacher-unions-are-good-for-education.html.
MAHARAJ, Sachin. 2019. 'Teacher Unions in the Public Sphere: Strategies Intended to Influence Public Opinion." PhD diss., University of Toronto.
MAHARAJ, Sachin, and Nina Bascia. 2021. "Teachers' Organizations and Educational Reform: Resistance and Beyond." Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy 196 (2021): 34-48. https://doi.org/10.7202/1078516ar. Manitoba Teachers' Society. 2020. "MTS Has Been Involved in Extensive Discussions with the Province and Other Education Stakeholders in Development of the Back-To-School Plan." Twitter, July 30, 2020, 2:37 pm https://twitter.com/ mbteachers/status/ 1288936773830115328.
MASSUMI, Brian. 1995. "The Autonomy of Affect." Cultural Critique 31 (31): 83-109. https://doi.org/10.2307/1354446.
MATON, Rhiannon. 2016. "WE Learn Together: Philadelphia Educators Putting Social Justice Unionism Principles Into Practice." Workplace 26: 5-19.
MATON, Rhiannon. 2018. "From Neoliberalism to Structural Racism: Problem Framing in a Teacher Activist Organization." Curriculum Inquiry 48 (3): 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/03626784.2018.1474711.
MILLER, Jacquie. 2020. "A 'Bargain Basement' Scheme: Ontario's Back-To-School Plan Under Scrutiny." Ottawa Citizen, August 11, 2011. https:/ /ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/a-bargain-basement-scheme-ontarios back-to-school-plan-under-scrutiny.
NIESZ, Tricia. 2018. "When Teachers Become Activists." Phi Delta Kappan 99 (8): 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0031721718775674.
NIESZ, Tricia. 2019. "Connect, Cultivate, Campaign: Toward a Social Movement Approach to Educational Change." Education in a Democracy 11 (2019): 54-71.
NIESZ, Tricia, and Rebecca D'Amato. 2021. "Social Media Connections Between Educators and Advocacy Networks: The Twitter Activity of Teacher Activist Groups." In Social Media: Influences in Education, edited by M. Griffin, and C. Zinskie, 299-336. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
OECD and Fernando, Priyanthi. 2012. "Working with Social Movements." In Poverty Reduction and Pro-Poor Growth: The Role of Empowerment, 251-264. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264168350- 12-en.
OECD. 2021. Education at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/ b35al4e5-en.
ONTARIO ENGLISH CATHOLIC TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 2020. ""@AEFO_ON_CA, @ETFOeducators, and @osstf, We're Taking Action by Filing #OLRB Appeals Against the Govt Due to Their Failure." Twitter, August 31, 2020, 10:00 am https://twitter.com/OECTAProv/status/1300463438678962177.
OSMOND-JOHNSON, Pamela, Carol Campbell, and Brenton Faubert. 2018. "Supporting Professional Learning: The Work of Canadian Teacher Unions." Professional Development in Education, https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257. 2018.1486877.
OSMOND-JOHNSON, Pamela, Carol Campbell, and Katina Pollock. 2020. "Moving Forward in the COVID-19 Era: Reflections for Canadian Education". EdCan, May 6, 2020. https://www.edcan.ca/articles/ moving-forward-in the-covid-19-era/.
OSMOND-JOHNSON, Pamela, and Lucrecia Fuhrmann. 2021. "Teachers' Organizations Responses to COVID-19 in Canada: Balancing Resistance, Rapprochement, and Renewal." Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy 197 (2021): 28-47. https://doi.org/10.7202/108333lar.
PICOWER, Bree. 2012. "Teacher Activism: Enacting a Vision for Social Justice." Equity & Excellence in Education 45 (4): 561-574. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2012.717848.
PICOWER, Bree. 2013. "You Can't Change What You Don't See: Developing New Teachers' Political Understanding of Education." Journal of Transformative Education 11 (3): 170-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344613502395.
POOLE, Wendy. 2007. "Neo-Liberalism in British Columbia Education and Teachers' Union Resistance." International Electronic Journal for Leadership in Learning 11 (24): 1-13.
POOLE, Wendy. 2015. "Defending Teachers' Rights and Promoting Public Education: Evolving and Emerging Union Strategies Within a Globalized Neoliberal Context." In Teacher Unions in Public Education: Politics, History, and the Future, edited by Nina Bascia, 33-52. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
RICHARDSON, Laurel, and Elizabeth St. Pierre. 2000. "A Method oflnquiry." In Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.), edited by Norman K. Denzin, and Yvonne S. Lincoln, 923-948. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
RINCON-GALLARDO, Santiago. 2020. "Educational Change as Social Movement: An Emerging Paradigm from the Global South." Journal of Educational Change 21 (3): 467-477. https://doi.org/10.1007/sl0833-020-09374-3.
ROBERT, Sarah A. 2017. "U.S. Teachers as Policy Protagonists in Digital Public Spaces?" Peabody Journal of Education 92 (4): 521-536. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2017.1349494.
ROBERT, Sarah A., and Heather McEntarfer. 2014. "Teachers' Work, Food Policies, and Gender in Argentina." Anthropology & Education Quarterly 45 (3): 260-275. https://doi.org/10.llll/aeq.12067.
ROTTMANN, Cindy. 2009. "Keeping the Peace: Social Justice Unionism in a Canadian Context." Canadian Journal for New Scholars in Education 1 (2): 1-8.
ROTTMANN, Cindy. 2011. "Organized Leadership for Equitable Change: Union-Active Teachers Dedicated to Social Justice." PhD diss. University of Toronto.
SAFE SCHOOLS SASKATCHEWAN. 2020. "Ask Them at the Door." Twitter, August 9, 2020, 2:15 p.m. https://twitter.com/ SafeSchoolsSask/status/1292555044538081280
SAHLBERG, Pasi. 2012. "How GERM is Infecting Schools Around the World?" PasiSahlberg.com. https://pasisahlberg. com/text-test/.
SAHLBERG, Pasi. 2023. "Trends in Global Education Reform Since the 1990s: Looking for the Right Way." International Journal of Education Development 98 (2023): 1-8.
SALDANA, Johnny. 2021. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. 4th ed. Sage.
SASKATCHEWAN INSTRUCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH UNIT (SIDRU). 2013.. "Teacher Time: A Study of the Challenges of Intensification of Saskatchewan Teachers' Professional Time." www.stf.sk.ca/portal.jsp? Sy3uQUnbK9L2RmSZs02CjV3Jh9YwRCfE66+wzdOJFKO8 = F.
SASKATCHEWAN Teachers' Federation. 2020a. "Education Response Planning Team Update - August 21." August 21, 2020. https:/ /www.stf.sk.ca/ resource/ education-response-planning-team-update-august-21-2020.
SASKATCHEWAN TEACHERS' FEDERATION. 20206. "[T]he RPT Hasn't Been Perfect, However It Did Give us a Voice Throughout the Planning, and That Has Been of Significant Value to Our Members." Twitter, October 13, 2020. https:/ /twitter.com/SaskTeachersFed/status/1316l 92225190002689.
SELLER, Sam, Greg Thompson, and David Rutkowski. 2017. The Global Education Race: Taking the Measure of PISA and International Testing. Edmonton, AB: Brush Education.
SHARMA, Ajay. 2015. "Teacher Activism: Got Post-Structuralism?" Journal for Activist Science and Technology Education 6 (1): 27-36.
SICKKIDS. 2020. COVID-19: Guidance for School Reopening. Toronto, ON. https://www.sickkids.ca/en/news/archive/ 2021/covidl9-updated-guidance-school-operationduringpandemic/#:~:text = In%20order%20to%20prevent% 20the,by%20provincial%20public%20health%20authorities.
SMALLER, Harry. 1998. "Canadian Teacher Unions: A Comparative Perspective." Contemporary Education 69 (4): 223- 227.
SNOW, David, and Robert D. Benford. 1992. "Master Frames and Cycles of Protest." In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller, 133-155. Binghamton, NY: Vail-Ballou Press. Snow, David, Sarah A. Soule, and Hanspeter Kriesi. 2004. "Mapping the Terrain." In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by David Snow, Sara Sarah Soule, and Hanspeter Kriesi, 3-16. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
STARK, Lauren. 2019. ""We're trying to create a different world': Educator Organizing in Social Justice Caucuses." PhD diss., University of Virginia.
STARK, Lauren. 2023. "Learning and Knowledge-Making in Contemporary Educator Movements." Globalisation, Societies and Education 21 (5): 754-769. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2023.2184776.
SUBRAMANIAN, S. V., and Akhil Kumar. 2021. "Increases in COVID-19 are Unrelated to Levels of Vaccination Across 68 Countries and 2947 Counties in the United States." European Journal of Epidemiology, 36 (12): 1237-1240. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/sl 0654-021-00808-7
TAYLOR, Stephanie. 2020. "Saskatchewan Plans for 'Normal' Return to School, Masks Not Mandatory." Globe and Mail, August 5, 2020. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-saskatchewan-plans-for-normal-return to-school-masks-not-mandatory/.
TIGHT, Malcolm. 2019. Documentary Research in the Social Sciences. London: Sage Publications.
UNESCO, UNICEF, and The World Bank. 2020. "Framework for Reopening Schools." https://www.unicef.org/sites/ default/files/2020-06/Framework-for-reopening-schools-2020.pdf.
UNGERLEIDER, Charles. 2014. "Ontario Teacher Workload and Professionalism Study." Directions Evidence and Policy Research Group. https:/ /www.researchgate.net/publication/305774574_Ontario_Teacher_Workload_and_ Professionalism_Study.
VIDOLOV, Simeon, Susi Geiger, and Emma Stendahl. 2023. "Affective Resonance and Durability in Political Organizing: The Case of Patients Who Hack." Organization Studies 44 (9): 1413-1438. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 01708406231162002.
WEINER, Lois. 2012. The Future of our Schools. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
WEINER, Lois. 2013. "Social Justice Teacher Activism and Social Movement Unionism: Tensions, Synergies and Space." Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research 3 (3): 264-295. https://doi.org/10.4471/remie.2013.16. Weiner, Lois, and Chloe Asselin. 2020. "Learning from Lacunae in Research: Making Sense of Teachers' Labor Activism." Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research 10 (3): 226-270. https://doi.org/10.17583/remie.2020.5090.
WHITE, Terrenda. 2020. "Teacher Dissent in Neoliberal Times: Counter-Publics and Alternative-Publics in Teacher Activism." Educational Theory 70 (3): 297-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12434.
WILLIAMS, James. 2014. Understanding Poststructuralism. London: Taylor & Francis Group.
WOODLY, Deva R. 2015. The Politics of Common Sense: How Social Movements Use Public Discourse to Change Politics and Win Acceptance. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
XIONG, Ying, Moonhee Cho, and Brandon Boatwright. 2019. "Hashtag Activism and Message Frames Among Social Movement Organizations: Semantic Network Analysis and Thematic Analysis of Twitter During the #Metoo Movement." Public Relations Review 45 (1): 10-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.10.014.